Grazing steers utilize their rumen microbiomes to convert plant-derived carbohydrates into meat. Considering the socioeconomic importance of the beef industry, it is critical to develop strategies that maintain quality while lessening negative environmental impacts. Diet supplementation and hormonal growth implants have been shown to variably impact methane emissions and animal performance. A previous study examines grazing steers across four treatment groups: diet supplemented, hormonal implanted, combined diet and implant, and no intervention. They found no significant impact on emissions and performance. However, the rumen microbiome response to these treatments remains relatively unknown. Here, we will analyze 16S and ITS rRNA gene amplicon sequencing from those steers. We found that all treatments led to an increase in 16S and ITS alpha diversity over time; however, only the 16S diet group displayed a significant increase. Neither the 16S nor the ITS rumen microbiome composition significantly differed across treatments; however, both were significantly different over time. Future analyses will look at individual microbial and fungal responses to diet, grazing time periods, and associations with methane and performance data. Ultimately, our results will provide insight into rumen microbiome dynamics during the life cycle of a grazing steer, further informing sustainable management strategies.
Cattle that eat the same feed and come from the same environment can emit methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas, at vastly different levels. An estimated 32% of anthropogenic CH4 can be traced to ‘enteric fermentation’ in livestock production. During enteric fermentation, specialized microorganisms will digest complex plant fiber to create compounds like acetate and hydrogen (H2). Some of these organisms, called methanogens, will consume and use these products to produce CH4. Emerging data suggests natural inter-animal variation in CH4 emissions could derive from host genetics or differences in rumen microbial digestion. Here, we analyze 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing from the rumen of twenty beef cattle of varying CH4 emission levels to look for differences in the structure and composition of their microbial communities. There was no significant difference in microbial community diversity by host CH4 emission level. Association tests at the genus and ASV levels revealed relationships between low residual CH4 emissions and the genera Megasphaera, Prevotellaceae, Ruminococcus, and Gastranaerophilales. Network analysis of the high and low CH4 communities revealed disrupted relationships between methanogens and other members of the community. The methanogens Methanobrevibacter and Candidatus Methanomethylophilus were significantly associated with Gastranaerophilales and Prevotellaceae, respectively in the low CH4 network. These interactions were absent in the high CH4 network. This suggests that the interactions of the low CH4-associated microbiome members and methanogens contributes to the reduced CH4 emissions. The findings of our work begin to explain why some cattle emit higher methane levels compared to others, and may aid in finding solutions to reduce methane emissions in cattle while keeping their feeding efficiency and meat production high.
Fruit agriculture relies on insects to provide the regulating ecosystem service of pollination. For fruit to successfully set, a pollinator must contact the stigma to deposit pollen. Sweet cherry (Prunus avium) is a pollination-dependent fruit cultivated globally and is a growing industry in Australia. Despite this, little work has been done to understand its pollinators which include native bees, hoverflies, and the introduced western honey bee (Apis mellifera). By observing cherry flower pollinator visits, we can document the variety, duration, and frequency of on-flower behaviors, determine which taxa engage in stigmal contact, and investigate vulnerabilities of pollination service to loss of pollinator taxa. In this study, 68 video recordings (2,035 minutes of footage) of two sweet cherry cultivars (Lapins and Ron’s Seedling) in Bilpin and Young, New South Wales, Australia were annotated. Flower visitors were identified to the species level and included the orders Hymenoptera and Diptera. Results were analyzed to create taxon-specific foraging behavior radar charts, assess frequency of stigmal contact, and simulate extinctions. This work informs cherry cultivation and on-farm pollinator conservation.
The demolition of Zorn Arena and adjacent buildings during the 2025 summer, combined with Canadian wildfire smoke, raised concerns over air quality on UW-Eau Claire’s campus. Demolition of older buildings releases hazardous materials such as asbestos, silica dust, and lead, posing serious respiratory and cardiovascular health risks when inhaled. Similarly, wildfire smoke contains fine particulate matter and irritants associated with exacerbated asthma, chest pain, and other concerns. As such, we must ensure campus facilities protect individuals from the detrimental effects of poor air quality. Hibbard Hall’s proximity to the demolition site and its over fifty-year-old infrastructure raised concerns over the effectiveness of its HVAC system in protecting staff, students, and faculty from increased air pollution. To assess indoor air quality, PM2.5 concentrations were measured over 58 days via AirAssure and EPA monitors – one located in Hibbard Hall and the other in Altoona as an outdoor reference. These data were compared alongside demolition activity and wildfire smoke levels. Results indicated that indoor PM2.5 concentrations remained consistently lower than outdoor levels, suggesting that Hibbard Hall’s HVAC system effectively mitigated particulate infiltration. Our findings demonstrate that UWEC’s older facilities continue to provide a safe indoor environment despite multiple air pollution sources.
Climate change is impacting water resources globally. In the US Mountain West, warming is pushing watersheds beyond historical hydroclimate conditions and altering snowpack, groundwater recharge, and stream baseflow. This project investigates intermittent groundwater discharge, i.e., flow that pulses following snowmelt and ceases during late summer low-flow conditions. Here we address three research questions to better understand shifting ecohydrological baselines: (1) What groundwater flow path distributions support intermittent flow? (2) What is the chemical signature of intermittent groundwater discharge? And (3) How do groundwater age and flow duration relate to landscape geomorphological characteristics? The study will be conducted in the Sagehen Creek Basin, CA, a well-instrumented Sierra Nevada watershed with long-term climate, streamflow, and groundwater records. We will sample five intermittent groundwater sites for age-dating using CFCs and SF6, analyze major ion chemistry and field water quality parameters, deploy in-situ loggers to record flow persistence or absence, and compute high-resolution terrain metrics to evaluate landscape controls. Pending results and analysis will provide insight into how climate-driven changes in recharge and snowpack influence groundwater flow paths, water quality, and the resilience of mountain groundwater systems.
